Photography - Types of Lenses and Techniques

Wide‑Angle Lens  

- View: Far zoomed out.  

- Typical focal length: 24 - 35 mm.  

- Ultra wide‑angle: 24 mm or less.  

Telephoto Lens (Superzooms)  

- View: Close‑up of far‑away subjects.  

- Focal length: Over 70 mm.  

Macro Lens  

- Purpose: Close‑up photography for fine details.  

Standard Kit Lens  

- View: Similar to human eye perspective.  

- Focal length: 18 - 55 mm.  

Fish‑Eye Lens  

- View: Ultra wide‑angle, panoramic.  

- Invented: 1906 by American physicist Robert W. Wood.  

- Angle: Between 100° and 180°.  

Tilt‑Shift Lens  

- Purpose: Allows rotation of lens plane.  

- Principle: Based on the Scheimpflug principle.  

Exposure Techniques  

- Long exposure (time exposure): Captures stationary elements with motion blur effects.  

- Short exposure: Relies on fast shutter speed to freeze motion.  

Polar Panorama  

- Technique: Uses stereographic projections for circular panoramic effects.  

Double Exposure  

- Technique: Combines multiple exposures into a single image.