Methods to Measure Variables

- Distance: Use a metre rule or vernier calliper.  

- Angle: Determine with a protractor, or calculate using trigonometry by measuring distances.  

- Diameter/Thickness: Obtain precise values with a micrometre screw gauge.  

- Time: Record using a stopwatch, or employ a light gate connected to a timer/data‑logger (for measuring the period of rotation of a turntable).  

- Velocity at a Point: Detect using light gates.  

- Mass: Determine with a balance.  

- Sound: Capture using a microphone, sound meter, or sound detector.  

- Pressure: Indicate with a Bourdon gauge, manometer, or pressure gauge.  

- Temperature: Record with a thermometer.  

- Wavelength of Light: Analyse using a diffraction grating or Young’s double slit experiment.  

- Light Intensity: Detect with a light meter, photodetector, or LDR.  

- Power: Calculate using P = IV, with readings from an ammeter and voltmeter.  

- Force: Determine using a Newton meter, or from the extension of a stretched elastic band or spring.  

- Magnetic Field Strength: Detect with a Hall probe.