Industrial Revolution
- Separation of design from production.
- Rise of advertising and mass communication.
Arts & Crafts Movement (William Morris)
- Integrity of materials and craftsmanship.
- Union of art and labour.
- Kelmscott Press revived book design with decorative yet functional layouts.
Deutscher Werkbund
- Union of art and technology.
- Functional simplicity in design.
- Precursor to Bauhaus philosophy.
Bauhaus School
- Integrated design education (foundation year: colour, materials, principles).
- Emphasis on “form follows function.”
- Global influence on modern design and architecture.
Dada Movement
- Expressive typography, collage, and photomontage.
- Anti‑establishment aesthetics.
- Challenged traditional design rules.
International Typographic Style (Swiss Style)
- Clarity, objectivity, and grid systems.
- Sans-serif fonts like Helvetica and Univers.
- Photography used for precision and neutrality.
Late Modern (New York Style)
- Playful, witty, conceptual typography.
- Push Pin Studios pioneered illustrative, bold approaches.
Postmodernism
- Pluralism and rebellion against modernist rules.
- Punk aesthetics, deconstruction, layered compositions.
- Emphasis on diversity and breaking conventions.
Key Takeaway:
Graphic design evolved from craft‑based traditions to modernist clarity and finally to postmodern pluralism. Each movement reflected cultural, technological, and social changes, shaping how design communicates today.
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