Motion and Forces
- Uniform Circular Motion: Magnitude of velocity remains constant, but direction changes since acceleration is always perpendicular to velocity.
- Gravitational Force: Proportional to the product of two point masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.
- Electrical Force: Proportional to the product of two point charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.
- Field of Force: A region where a body experiences a force.
- Lines of Gravitational Force: Show the direction of gravitational force on a test mass.
Fields and Potentials
- Gravitational Field Strength: Gravitational force per unit mass.
- Electric Field Strength: Electric force per unit charge.
- Gravitational Field Strength (alternative): Equal to the gravitational potential gradient.
- Gravitational Potential: Work done in moving a unit mass from infinity to a point.
- Electric Potential: Work done in moving a unit charge from infinity to a point.
- Why Gravitational Potential is Negative: It is zero at infinity. Gravitational force is attractive, so as masses approach, potential energy decreases.
Oscillations
- Conditions for SHM: Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement and acts in the opposite direction.
- Damping: Reduction in amplitude due to resistive forces.
- Light damping: Amplitude decreases gradually.
- Heavy damping: Amplitude decreases quickly.
- Resonance: Maximum amplitude occurs when the driving frequency equals the natural frequency.
Thermal Physics
- Specific Latent Heat: Heat transfer per unit mass during change of state at constant temperature.
- Specific Heat Capacity: Thermal energy per unit mass per unit temperature change.
- Internal Energy: Sum of potential and kinetic energies of particles in a system.
- First Law of Thermodynamics: Increase in internal energy = thermal energy supplied + work done on the system.
- Pressure–Volume Graph (Ideal Gas):
- Total change in internal energy over a complete cycle = 0.
- Work done (W = p x Delta V) (if p is constant).
- Delta U = Delta q + Delta W
Kinetic Theory
- Basic Assumptions:
- Particles in continuous random motion.
- Negligible volume of particles.
- Negligible intermolecular forces.
- Collisions are perfectly elastic.
- Molecular Motion in Gases: Random motion; constant speed in straight lines between collisions.
Electricity and Magnetism
- Capacitance: Ratio of charge to potential difference (C = Q/V).
- Rectification: Conversion of AC to DC.
- Magnetic Flux Density (B): Force per unit length per unit current, when current is perpendicular to field.
- Magnetic Flux (Φ): Product of flux density and area perpendicular to the field.
- Tesla: Equivalent to Newton per Ampere, per metre.
- Faraday’s Law: Induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.
- Lenz’s Law: Induced emf opposes the change that caused it.
Waves and Quantum Physics
- Vrms (Power Reference): Constant voltage that dissipates the same power as the mean power of alternating voltage.
- Photon: Quantum of electromagnetic radiation energy.
- Photoelectric Effect: Emission of electrons from a metal surface when electromagnetic radiation is incident.
- Work Function Energy: Minimum energy required for an electron to escape the surface.
- Evidence for Particulate Nature of Light: Photoelectric effect.
- Evidence for Wave Nature of Matter: Electron diffraction.
X‑Rays and Ultrasound
- Production of X‑Rays: Electrons accelerated by a potential difference strike a target; X‑rays are emitted when electrons decelerate.
- Specific Acoustic Impedance: Product of density and speed of ultrasound in a medium.
Nuclear and Cosmology
- Nuclear Binding Energy: Energy required to separate nucleons to infinity.
- Decay Constant (λ): Probability of decay of a nucleus per unit time.
- Hubble’s Law: The speed of recession of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance from the observer.
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