Q. What is an arene?
An arene is an aromatic hydrocarbon. It contains a benzene ring.
Q. What is a halogenoarene?
A halogenoarene is an aromatic hydrocarbon whereby one or more hydrogen atoms bonded to the aromatic ring are replaced by a halogen atom.
Q. What is a phenol?
A phenyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.
Q. What is an amide?
Formed from the condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine functional group.
Q. What is an amino acid?
An amino acid is an organic compound that has both a carboxylic acid and amine functional group. In an alpha-amino acid, both groups are attached to the same carbon atom.
Q. What is benzene?
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon.
Q. Describe the shape and bond angle of benzene.
Planar, 120 degrees.
Q. Describe the bonding in benzene.
Each carbon atom uses 2 electrons to form sigma bonds with the adjacent carbon atoms. One electron is used to form a sigma bond with a hydrogen atom. The remaining electron on each carbon atom is delocalised into the middle of the ring to form a delocalised pi electron system.
Q. What causes optical isomerism? What are optical isomers?
Optical isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism found in molecules that contain a chiral center. Optical isomers, also known as enantiomers are non-superimposable, mirror images of each other.
Q. What is a chiral center?
It is the form of a carbon atom bonded to 4 different groups. Compounds may contain more than one chiral center.
Q. What is a chiral molecule?
A molecule containing one or more chiral centers. It has no planes of symmetry.
Q. How can 2 optical isomers be told apart?
2 optical isomers have exactly the same physical properties except the fact they rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions. Optical isomers may also react differently in the human body.
Q. What is a racemic mixture? What effect does a racemic mix have on plane polarised light?
An equal 50:50 mixture of optical isomers is called a racemic mixture (racemate). These mixtures have no effect on plane polarised light as enantiomers rotate the light equally in opposite directions - there is no net rotation.
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