Industrial Chemistry

- Industrial chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the conversion of raw materials into finished goods through industrial processes.  

- Industries are often located close to their raw material sources to reduce cost and ensure efficiency.  

Industrial Raw Materials  

Raw materials are naturally occurring substances found within or beneath the earth’s crust, essential for manufacturing industries.  

Examples include:  

- Limestone  

- Tin  

- Coal  

- Petroleum  

- Natural Gas  

- Air  

- Metallic Ores  

- Sulphur  

Chemical Industry  

- A chemical industry applies the knowledge of chemistry to produce chemicals from other chemical substances.  

Types of Chemical Industry:  

- Paint and ink, fertilizer, and explosives industry  

- Drugs, cosmetics, and soaps industry  

- Plastics and synthetic fibers industry  

- Acids, bases, salts, and organic solvents industry  

- Cement industry  

Types of Chemicals  

1. Fine Chemicals  

- Produced in small quantities but with high purity.  

- Examples:  

  - Drugs  

  - Dyes  

  - Laboratory/analytical reagents  

  - Perfumes  

  - Additives  

  - Cosmetics  

2. Heavy Chemicals  

- Produced in large quantities with lower purity compared to fine chemicals.  

- Widely used in industries.  

- Examples:  

  - H₂SO₄ (Sulphuric acid)  

  - NaOH (Sodium hydroxide)  

  - NH₃ (Ammonia)  

  - CaCO₃ (Calcium carbonate)  

  - CaOCl₂·H₂O (Calcium oxychloride hydrate)  

  - HCl (Hydrochloric acid)  

  - HNO₃ (Nitric acid)  

  - Na₂CO₃ (Sodium carbonate)  

  - Metals (Tin, Zinc, Aluminium, Copper, Iron)