Evaporation
- Used to separate a solid (soluble or insoluble) from its solution.
- The solution is exposed to heat (sunlight, stove, or burner).
- The liquid vaporises, leaving behind the solid substance.
Frostation
- Technique for obtaining pure liquid from its solution.
- Unlike evaporation (which removes liquid to obtain a solid), frostation separates the liquid from the solid.
- Example: Frozen salt solution, the liquid separates while the solid remains.
Sublimation
- Process where a substance changes directly from solid → gas without passing through the liquid state.
- Example: Heating a mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium carbonate.
- Ammonium chloride sublimes.
- Sodium carbonate remains behind.
Precipitation
- Separation technique to obtain an insoluble salt from two soluble salt solutions.
- Also known as double decomposition.
- Widely applied in the preparation of salts.
Magnetic Separation
- Uses magnets to separate mixtures where one substance is magnetizable and the other is not.
- Example: Separation of iron filings from non‑magnetic materials.
Chromatography
- Separates solids dissolved in a solvent.
- The solvent travels uphill along an adsorbent material (e.g., filter paper).
- Different solids move at different speeds, leading to separation.
- Principle: Components are retained differently by the adsorbent, causing them to separate.
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