Oscillations:
Q. What is simple harmonic motion?
The periodic, oscillatory motion of a body, where the
restoring force, acting on the moving body, is proportional to its displacement
from the equilibrium position. This force opposes the direction of
displacement.
Q. What conditions are required for SHM to take place?
Acceleration and force must be proportional to displacement
from the equilibrium position. The acceleration must act towards the
equilibrium point.
Q. Definitions:
(a) Displacement – Distance from the equilibrium position
vector.
(b) Amplitude – Maximum displacement of an oscillating system
from the equilibrium position.
(c) Period – Time taken for a complete oscillation.
(d) Frequency – Number of oscillations per second.
Q. What is angular frequency?
Angular frequency is a metric that describes the speed of
oscillation by comparing the distance travelled in a single oscillation to the
circumference of a circle.
Q. What does it mean to say that 2 springs, oscillating
adjacent to one another, have a constant phase difference?
This means that the springs have the same period but are at
different stages in their oscillatory cycle at any one point in time. This
angular phase difference can be calculated.
Q. What is damping?
Damping is the process by which the amplitude of the
oscillations decreases over time. This is due to energy loss as a result of
forces that resist motion, such as drag or friction.
Q. Explain the difference between light damping, heavy
damping and critical damping?
Light damping occurs naturally, and the amplitude decreases
exponentially. When heavy damping occurs, the amplitude decreases much faster
than in a lightly damped system. In critical damping, the object stops before
one oscillation is completed.
Q. What is the difference between free and forced
oscillations?
When an object oscillates without any external forces being
applied, it oscillates at its natural frequency. This is known as free
oscillation. Forced oscillation occurs when a periodic driving force is applied
to an object, which causes it to oscillate at a particular frequency.
Q. What is resonance?
When the driving frequency of the external force applied to
an object is the same as the natural frequency of the object, resonance occurs.
Resonance involved a rapid increase in the amplitude of oscillation. If the
system is not damped, the amplitude will continue to increase until the system
fails.
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